This module introduces fundamental concepts which are common to both analogue and digital communication systems. Topics comprise modulation methods such as amplitude modulation/frequency modulation (AM/FM), tuned radio frequency (RF) receiver, electromagnetic wave propagation in free space and transmission lines, antennas, optical fibre and digital communication which includes digital sampling, digital modulation, source coding, channel coding, and bit-error analysis. Additionally, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) is briefly covered, focusing on Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). The module illustrates the relevance of these topics by referencing existing communication systems such as broadcasting systems, as well as analogue and digital systems.